Laser scanner for reading optical codes

ABSTRACT

There is described a compact laser module ( 1 ) for reading optical codes, comprising: a scanning illumination section having at least one source ( 8 ) for generating a laser beam, and a scanner ( 9, 10 ) for scanning the optical code (C) to be read with a laser spot, and a receiving section ( 20 - 24 ) for collecting at least a portion of the light diffused by the code (C) and detecting the collected light, the receiving section and the scanning illumination section being spatially distinct.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/899,023 filed Jul. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,131,590 which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/983,552 filed Oct.24, 2001, now abandoned which claims the benefit of U.S. provisionalpatent application Ser. No. 60/281,014 filed Apr. 4, 2001 and U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/773,384 filed Feb. 1, 2001, all of whichis incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to apparatus for reading optical codes.

2. Discussion of Prior Art

Known optical code readers can essentially be divided into readerswherein the entire code width is simultaneously illuminated, as throughan array of LEDs, and the diffused light is simultaneously collected anddetected, as by an array of linear or matrix sensors (“imaging” of theoptical code), and readers wherein a laser beam sweeps a certain angleso that a laser spot scans the optical code (“flying spot”), and thediffused light is collected and detected by photo-detecting elements ofthe photodiode and/or CCD and/or C-MOS type.

The readers of the second type include a laser module for readingoptical codes having essentially a source for generating a laser beam ofpredetermined size and shape, means for generating a scan of the laserbeam on the optical code to be read, means for collecting at least aportion of the light diffused by the code, and photo-detecting means fordetecting the collected light and converting the detected luminous powerinto an electrical signal reproducing as accurately as possible thereflectance modulations of the elements forming the code.

Known laser modules are of the retro-reflective type, that is, they aresuch that the field of view framed by the light collecting opticscoincides, instant by instant, with that framed by the scan means. Inother words, the apertures used for scanning the laser beam along thecode to be read are the same used for collecting the diffused lighttowards the detection optics.

A technical problem addressed by the technology described herein is sizereduction for an optical code reader.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The expression “compact laser module”, in the present description isused to indicate a laser module whose volume is not greater than about20 cm³, preferably not greater than 1.5 cm³.

A retro-reflective configuration of whatever kind implies that theaperture of the scan system coincides with that of the receiving system.Thus, the reduction of the size of a reading system of this kindcollides with the fact that, reducing the size of the scan system, thatof the optics for collecting the light diffused by the code is reducedas well, thus reducing the amount of light actually collected, withstrong effects on the noise of the optical signal and on the maximumpossible reading distance.

The above problem is solved by providing for the components forcollecting and detecting the light diffused by the code to be totallyseparate from the illuminating and scanning components, so that thelight for illuminating the code and the light diffused by the codefollow totally separate paths. By so unrelating the components of theillumination system (light emission window, any laser beam deflectionmirror, focusing lenses, etc.) to the size requirements of thecollecting and detecting elements (light receiving aperture, focusinglens, surface of photo-detecting elements, etcetera), imposed by theminimum amount of diffused light that must be collected for reading theoptical code, it is obtained that the size of the scanning illuminationsection, and more in general, that of the laser module, can besignificantly reduced.

The invention thus relates to apparatus for reading optical codescomprising:

-   -   a scanning illumination section having at least one source for        generating a laser beam, and means for scanning the optical code        to be read with a laser spot, and    -   a receiving section for collecting at least a portion of the        light diffused by the code and detecting the collected light,

the receiving section and the scanning illumination section beingspatially distinct.

Through a suitable relative arrangement of the components of thescanning illumination and receiving sections, as well as through the useof particular components, the size of the laser module can be furtherreduced quite below the typical size of known laser modules. Moreover,thanks to the small size, any moving components provided for scanningthe laser beam exhibit less inertia upon start up, and low consumption.

In first embodiments of the scanning illumination section, the scanmeans comprises motor means and an optically reflecting member moved bythe motor means for receiving and deflecting the laser beam.

Thanks to the fact that the optically reflecting means must not serve asthe surface for collecting the light diffused by the code, its size canbe considerably reduced with respect to the mirror scan systems of theprior art.

More in particular, the optically reflecting mirror is of a size, in thedirection perpendicular to the scan plane that is less than 1.5 mm.

Advantageously, the motor means provides a continuously variable angularspeed.

This allows carrying out such a control of the motor as to produce aspeed pattern changing from scan to scan, or, partly, also within eachscan, so as to adjust the reading speed to the application peculiaritiesand to the processing electronics capacities.

Even more preferably, upon start up, said motor means is driven with aramp signal.

This provision, which allows reaching the operating speed gradually andoptimising the same operating speed as a function of the particularoptical code to be read, is particularly useful in case of blurred orvery small codes.

Typically, said motor means comprises a motor selected between abrushless motor and a stepping motor.

Preferably, moreover, said motor is of a height lower than 9 mm, morepreferably lower than 6 mm, even more preferably lower than 3 mm.

Although motors of such a size are suitable thanks to the small size andweight of the optically reflecting member, they allow keeping the lasermodule size in the direction perpendicular to the scan plane extremelylimited.

As an alternative, said motor means comprises a rotating magnetic diskmotor and the optically reflecting member is directly supported on themotor magnetic disk.

Besides allowing obtaining a small thickness (in the above range), thissolution allows assembling the electronic control components directly onthe motor casing, optionally with a shielding against electromagneticnoise caused by powering the same motor, thus improving the efficiencyof the amplification circuits of the received signal.

In another alternative, said motor means comprises an electrostaticmotor.

Preferably, moreover, the motor means is driven with pulse widthmodulation.

In this way, the motor consumption is advantageously reduced.

Typically, the optically reflecting member comprises at least a portionof the side faces of a polygonal-base body, and it is rotationally movedby the motor means.

A scan system of this type, sometimes called polygonal mirror scansystem”hereinafter, allows reaching even very wide scan angles withoutsignificant speed variation—besides possible controlled variations, assaid above—in the entire scan line. Moreover, thanks to its small size,the polygonal mirror is not affected by the inertia disadvantagesusually associated to scan systems of this type.

Advantageously, the side faces of the polygonal-base body are sloping atrespective different angles with respect to its axis.

This provision is useful for reading “stacked” bar codes, that is, withmore bar sequences stacked on one another.

As an alternative, the optically reflecting member comprises a singlesurface, and is moved with an alternately oscillating motion along acircumference arc.

Such an optically reflecting member, typically a plane mirror, to whichreference shall sometimes be made hereinafter for shortness, can beadvantageous since the mirror weight is further reduced with respect tothe rotating polygonal mirror scan system.

The oscillating motion is obtained through a suitable driving of theabove-cited various types of motor means.

In an alternative that is advantageous because of extremely lowconsumption, said motor means comprises an oscillating magnetic device.

More in particular, the oscillating magnetic device comprises, on acommon insulating substrate:

-   -   a magnetic core having a conductor winding around it, and an air        gap, and    -   an elongated magnetic element having an end that is free to        oscillate towards and away from the air gap of the magnetic        core, and carrying the optically reflecting member.

This construction allows obtaining extremely reduced thicknesses, of afew tenths of millimeter, that is to say, only limited by the size ofthe laser spot incident on the optically reflecting member.

In further alternative embodiments of the scanning illumination section,the scan means comprises a device selected between an electro-opticaldevice and an acousto-optical device.

Scan devices of this type are very fast and without moving parts, sothat they are less subject to mechanical failure, and are not affectedby wear.

In a last alternative embodiment of the scanning illumination section,which exhibits similar advantages, it comprises an array of lasermicro-sources, and the scan means comprises a controller forsequentially actuating the laser micro-sources of a row of the array.

Preferably, moreover, the array of laser micro-sources comprises morerows.

The plurality of scan lines which may thus be generated is particularlyadvantageous for reading stacked codes.

Advantageously, moreover, each row of laser micro-sources of the arrayis of a respective colour.

Having a plurality of scan lines with different colours available, theoptical code reading is more versatile as regards the chromatic contrastbetween code and background of the same code.

In the above various embodiments of the scanning illumination section,the scan means or the laser micro-sources are preferably arranged as faras possible from a front face of the laser module.

In the present description and attached claims, the expression “frontface” is used to indicate the laser module face intended to face theoptical code to be read. Such an expression must in no way be construedas being referred to an absolute orientation of the laser module in theoptical code reader in which it is intended to be included, let alone toan absolute spatial orientation. Similarly, expressions such as “rearface”, “lower face”, “upper face” and “side face” must not be construedin an absolute meaning, but with respect to the above front face.

With this provision, the scan width is already maximised at the lasermodule output, so that it is possible to read optical codes that areclose to the laser module, thus maximising the light collection.

Moreover, advantageously, the scan means exhibits a predeterminedstand-by position, in which it projects the laser beam in at least onefixed laser spot at the code.

The predetermined stand-by position, in the case of rotary motors (withrotating or oscillating optically reflecting member), is set byproviding a direct voltage to a single stator winding, or by the absenceof charge on the capacitors, the optically reflecting member being somounted that, in this position, the laser beam strikes the centre of theor a face, or strikes a corner in the case of a polygonal-base body; inthe case of the magnetic oscillating device, it is set by the absence ofpower supply in the winding; in the case of electro-optical oracousto-optical devices, it is set by the absence of driving of the samedevices; in the case of the array of micro-sources, it is set by turningon the central source, or the two end sources of a row. In this way,upon the module start up, one or two laser spots are produced at thecentre of the scan field or at its two ends, useful to aim the moduletowards the optical code to be read.

In this case, the scan means can be actuated for scanning after a presetdelay from the actuation in the predetermined stand-by position or fromturning on the laser, or through the second position of a dual-positionswitch, or there can be provided two independent actuating buttons.

Moreover, for safety reasons, it can be provided for the laser source tobe turned off if after a preset time interval from its turning on withthe scan means in the stand-by position, the scan means is not actuatedfor scanning.

Advantageously, the scan laser light is high frequency modulated.

This allows separating, in the output signal of the receiving section,the information contained in the modulated signal, which is the part ofinterest, from that contained in the non-modulated signal, which is thenoise due to the ambient light.

In particular, the scan laser light can be modulated so as to obtain asignal suitable to measure the optical code distance, for example asdescribed in EP 0 652 530 A2.

Typically, moreover, the receiving section comprises at least onefocusing lens in the proximity of the front face of the laser module,and at least one photo-detecting element at the focus of the focusinglens.

In particular, there can be provided a single focusing lens and a singlephoto-detecting element having suitable shape and area, a singlefocusing lens and a plurality of photo-detecting elements, or aplurality of focusing lenses and a corresponding plurality ofphoto-detecting elements, so that the field of view of eachphoto-detecting element only includes a portion of the optical code scanline. The field of view of each photo-detecting element will have, inthis case, a geometrical shape depending on the shape of thephoto-detecting element itself (square, rectangular or circular) and onthe particular lens used.

Typically, there is also a slit between said at least one focusing lensand said at least one photo-detecting element.

Such a slit allows precisely selecting the overall photo-detection areainterested by the light collecting and/or further reducing the field ofview of the or each photo-detecting element.

When there is a plurality of photo-detecting elements, there ispreferably provided also means for synchronising the actuation of thephoto-detecting elements of said plurality with said scan means.

In this way, the signal/noise ratio is improved, and the laser moduleconsumptions are reduced.

In some embodiments of the receiving section, it is essentiallyparallelepiped, said at least one photo-detecting element being arrangedin close proximity of the rear face of the laser module.

In this way, one or more lenses are used, having a long focal length,essentially equal to the depth of the module. Since a lens with a longfocal length perfectly focuses only when the code is at the maximumdistance, while as the code is moved closer the formed image isincreasingly out of focus, an increasingly greater fraction of theluminous energy diffused by the optical code is not detected, thuscompensating the effect that a closer code receives and diffuses morelight than a farther code. Less sensitivity to the optical code distanceis thus obtained. Moreover, thanks to their retrocessed position, thephoto-detecting elements do not collect rays that are sloping withrespect to the scan plane, which represent ambient light not coming fromthe code, that is to say, noise.

Moreover, there can be provided photo-detecting elements arranged inclose proximity of side faces of the receiving section.

In this way, it is possible to effectively recover all the light comingfrom the scan line edges, thus increasing the collection efficiency ofthe receiving section without increasing the noise due to ambient light.

In a further preferred way, all the photo-detecting elements arearranged along an optimum focus curve of a single focusing lens.

In alternative embodiments, the receiving section comprises a chamberhaving a front face, a lower or respectively upper face orthogonal toit, a sloping face between them, and side faces shaped as right-angledtriangles, said at least one focusing lens being arranged at the frontface, said at least one photo-detecting element being arranged at thelower or respectively upper face, and there being provided an internallyreflecting surface at the sloping face.

This wedge-like shape of the receiving section is advantageous forvarious reasons. In fact, the light rays diffused by the code travel afirst “horizontal” path from the focusing lens to the internallyreflecting surface, and a second “vertical” path from the internallyreflecting surface to the photo-detecting elements. It is thus possibleto use—depth size being equal—a lens having a longer focal length withrespect to a parallelepiped receiving chamber, with the aboveadvantages, or—focal length being equal—it is possible to construct areceiving chamber having a smaller depth, with advantages in terms ofcompactness of the laser module. Moreover, the “horizontal” arrangementof the photo-detecting elements allows using a single commonly marketedphotodiode, having a large area, without adversely affecting the lasermodule thickness. Moreover, the “horizontal” arrangement of thephoto-detecting elements prevents the need of providing a “vertical”printed circuit, on the contrary it is possible to use a single printedcircuit also for powering and controlling the scanning illuminationsection.

Preferably, the slope angle between the sloping face and the front faceis less than 45 degrees.

Even more advantageously, internally reflecting surfaces are alsoprovided at the side faces of the receiving chamber.

In this way, it is possible to effectively recover all the light comingfrom the scan line edges, thus increasing the collection efficiency ofthe receiving section without increasing the noise due to ambient light.

For further improving the light collection efficiency, the side facescan be slightly converging away from the front face.

In an embodiment, the receiving chamber is solid, made of an opticallytransparent material.

This allows making the entire chamber as a single block, thus bettercontrolling the mutual orientation of the various faces.

Preferably, moreover, in any embodiment of the receiving section, saidat least one focusing lens is selected between a cylindrical lens and atoric lens.

Such lenses exhibit the maximum light collection efficiency, providing afield of view that is wide along the scan line, and narrow in thedirection orthogonal thereto, that is to say, they exhibit a highrejection of ambient light.

In a particularly preferred way, said at least one focusing lens is aFresnel cylindrical lens.

This solution is advantageous since its flat shape makes assemblingthereof particularly easy, practically in contact with a receivingwindow, thus also increasing the collection efficiency, since a lensshielding by the same receiving window is not created. Moreover, such alens can operate up to a unitary focal length-to-diameter ratio, inwhich condition a traditional lens is affected by considerablereflections on the surface.

Moreover, advantageously, said at least one focusing lens is made of acoloured plastic material with high-pass filter behaviour.

The colour shall be properly selected based on the scanning laser lightcolour and on the chromatic contrast between the optical code and itsbackground. In this way, the lens concurrently acts as a filter forabsorbing visible wavelengths that are lower than that of the scan laserlight.

In this case, advantageously, the receiving section comprises a commonglass filter having a low-pass treatment.

In this way, the overall cost of lens and filter is significantlyreduced with respect to the traditional implementation of colourlesslens and red protective glass.

As an alternative, the focusing lens is coloured with low-pass filterbehaviour on its optically non-active face.

In an embodiment, for minimising the transversal dimensions of the lasermodule, the scanning illumination section and the receiving section arearranged in stacked planes.

In this case, for maximising—laser module thickness being equal—thefront face area usable for collecting the light diffused by the code,preferably the scanning illumination section comprises an emissionwindow having a height substantially equal to the laser beam diameter inthat plane.

In practice, the emission window height is minimum, only just as toallow the exit of the scanning laser light without interfering with it.

In an alternative embodiment, for minimising the laser module thickness,the scanning illumination section and the receiving section are arrangedin a common plane.

In this case, in order to limit also the size in the scan linedirection, the photo-detecting elements of the receiving section canpartially extend in front of motor means of the scanning illuminationsection.

For the same purpose, the scan means or the array of laser micro-sourcescan be arranged in close proximity of the front face of the lasermodule.

Moreover, in a particularly advantageous way, in both embodiments thelaser module comprises a support block for commonly supporting thecomponents of the receiving section, and the components of the scanningillumination section.

This solution facilitates the assembling operations which, also due tothe small sizes involved, may be critical.

For the same purpose, the support block and the components of thescanning illumination and receiving sections can have conjugate meansfor assembling the components in predetermined positions, such as forexample notches or slits on the casing of a scan motor, on a lasersource, on a scan mirror, etcetera, and assembling tabs or clips presenton the support block, or slits for inserting lenses, filters and otheroptical components, or a block for a snap-fit housing the motor, andsuitable to be constrained to the support block in more points.

Even more preferably, the support block exhibits at least one wallextending transversally to the front face for defining an insulatedchamber for the scan laser light propagation.

In this way, the photo-detecting elements of the receiving section areusefully shielded from the light directly emitted by the scanningillumination section.

Preferably, moreover, the support block exhibits at least one insulatedlight extraction path at an end portion of the scan, and aphoto-detecting element arranged at the end of each extraction path.

In this way, the photo-detecting element originates a scan start and/orend signal or pulse which can be used by the decoding components of theoptical code reader in which the laser module is inserted forsynchronising on the single scan, for example for beginning to search anoptical code within the scan line. Moreover, this signal can beparticularly useful for decoding systems based on the reconstruction ofpartial decodings, obtained from respective scan lines. Finally, such asignal can be used for safety reasons, turning off any laser source ifit is not received within a preset time after the laser module or thescan means are turned on.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the invention shall now be illustrated withreference to embodiments, shown by way of a non-limiting example, in theattached drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 schematically shows a perspective, partly broken-away view of afirst embodiment of a laser module for reading optical codes;

FIG. 2 shows the preferred signal for powering the laser source of thelaser module;

FIGS. 3A and 3B show an embodiment of an optically reflecting memberuseful for reading “stacked” codes;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show the efficiency of different types of focusing lens;

FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively show the arrangement of photo-detectingelements in the laser module and in a laser module according to theprior art;

FIG. 6 schematically shows an array of photo-detecting elements, and acorresponding array of focusing lenses;

FIGS. 7A and 7B schematically show two different arrangements ofphotodiodes for the laser module;

FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of a laser module according to anotherembodiment;

FIG. 9 schematically shows an oscillating motor for the laser module;

FIG. 10 schematically shows another embodiment of a scanningillumination section for the laser module;

FIG. 11 schematically shows still another embodiment of a scanningillumination section for the laser module;

FIGS. 12 and 13 show perspective top, and respectively bottom views of asupport block of the laser module components;

FIGS. 14 and 15 show perspective views of a support for the laser modulemotor, respectively with and without housed motor;

FIG. 16 schematically shows a further embodiment of the laser module;and

FIGS. 17 to 19 schematically show alternative embodiments of a receivingsection of the laser module.

DETAILED DISCUSSION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As shown in FIG. 1, a laser module 1 exhibits a parallelepiped shape,having a base face or wall 2, a front wall 3, a rear wall 4 erected fromthe major sides of base 2, side walls 5, 6 and a top wall 7. The size ofsuch a module 1 is comparable to that of a small match box, in any casesuch as to take up a volume less than 20 cm³.

Firstly, the laser module 1 houses components of a scanning illuminationsection, consisting of a laser source 8 or emitter, an opticallyreflecting member 9, made in FIG. 1 as a hexagonal right-angled prismhaving at least a portion of the faces of the side surface that ismirror-like, and a motor 10.

The optically reflecting member or polygonal mirror 9 is rotativelymoved by motor 10. The laser beam emitted by emitter 8 is reflected bythe reflecting faces of the polygonal mirror 9 according to anglesdepending on the instant position of the mirror 9 itself, so that thelaser beam sweeps a certain angle in a scan plane parallel to the basewall 2 of module 1, exiting from its front wall 3 through an emissionwindow 11. Thus, the laser beam scans the optical code C with a laserspot.

More in particular, the laser emitter 8 is arranged adjacent to the rearwall 4 of module 1 and in the proximity of the polygonal mirror 9, onwhich it directly emits the laser beam, avoiding any intermediatemirror. This allows minimising the overall dimensions, and simplifyingthe operations for optically aligning the system, which on a mirror 9 ofsuch a small size as required (and as specified hereinafter) would bevery critical.

Preferably, the laser emitter 8 is fastened to the wall through a clip13 a whose shape is complementary to the shape of its outside casing, sothat the position of the laser emitter 8 is fixed with respect to thelaser module 1.

For improving the rejection to ambient light, the beam generated by thelaser emitter 8 can be modulated at a high frequency, for example atabout 40 MHz. In this way, it is possible to separate the informationcontained in the modulated signal, which is the part of interest, fromthat contained in the non-modulated signal, which is the noise due toambient light.

Of particular applicative interest, moreover, the laser light can behigh frequency modulated so as to allow the optical code reader in whichthe laser module 1 is included to act as a measurer of the optical codedistance from the reader itself, for example as described in Europeanpatent application EP 0 652 530 A2.

Motor 10, for example a direct current, brushless or stepping motor, hasa cylindrical body whose base has a diameter D_(M) that is less than orequal to 5 mm and whose height H_(M) can be as small as less than 3 mm.The optically reflecting member 9 is mounted on it, preferably directlyrotatively coupled to it, and in the embodiment as a polygonal mirror itis of a diameter D_(S) less than 7 mm, a height H_(S) of the opticallyactive surface less than 1.5 mm and a mass less than 0.3 g. Such a smallsize of the polygonal mirror 9 allows obtaining a very small rotatingmass and thus, a low inertia, so as to allow mirror 9 to reach thedesired revolving speed in a very short time, less than 100 msec.

More in particular, motor 10 and mirror 9 are arranged with therespective axes orthogonal to the base 2 of module 1, and as close aspossible to the rear wall 4, so as to originate a scan as far aspossible from the emission window 11. Such an arrangement allows thescan line width to be already maximum at the emission window 11, and itthus allows covering the entire width of the optical code C to be readalready at a few centimeter distance (about 4 cm) beyond the emissionwindow 11.

Similarly to the laser emitter 8, it is important that the position ofmotor 10 and optically reflecting member 9 in the laser module 1 isfixed. Motor 10 can thus advantageously be provided with a slit 12 ornotch on the cylindrical body, intended for being coupled to a clip 13protruding from the rear wall 4 of the laser module 1, so that theheight of motor 10 is fixed with respect to the laser module 1, thusensuring the height of the polygonal mirror 9 with respect to the base 2of laser module 1. Of course, notch 12 and clip 13 are to be construedas merely examplificative of conjugate fastening means.

Motor 10 exhibits a revolving speed that can be continuously varied froma minimum of 750 revolutions/minute to a maximum of 8,000revolutions/minute, so as to obtain, for example in the case of apolygonal mirror 9 with hexagonal base, scan speeds comprised between 75and 800 scan/sec. Of course, by varying the number of side faces of thepolygonal mirror 9 it is possible to obtain a variation interval shiftedupwards or downwards: thus, with a pentagonal-base body, there will befrom 62 to 660 scan/sec, whereas with an octagonal-base body, there willbe from 100 to 1050 scan/sec.

In order to improve the reading of high-resolution optical codes, or ofcodes that are far from the laser module 1, advantageously the speed ofmotor 10—and therefore, that of the optically reflecting member 9—can bevaried in real time. In fact, the effect of a bar code having verynarrow bars, as well as that of a code located far away, consists in abar focusing loss due to the upper limit of the electronics passband. Itfollows that, even though the laser spot is focused, the signal isattenuated by the limits of the electronics. Traditionally,polygonal-mirror systems have slow response times to the revolving speedvariation, but the use of a polygonal mirror 9 having such a small massallows making its response to the imposed speed variations very fast. Inthis way, if the code is not read at the first scan, it is possible toreduce the revolving speed, thus “enlarging” the bars, reducing at thesame time the operating frequency of the electronics, which thusattenuates less. With a lower attenuation by the electronics, the signalis definitely more focused. Moreover, the adjustment capability can beexploited upon start up, by driving the motor with a ramp signal toreach the operating speed more gradually. In this way, in the case of aparticularly difficult code, due to the high resolution, or to thepresence of deformations in the bars, it is possible to carry out thefirst scans at a reduced speed, thus facilitating the decoding.

By using a scan start signal, provided for example in the mannerdescribed below, it is possible more in general to perform such acontrol of the motor as to produce a speed pattern changing from scan toscan, or partly, also within each scan, so as to adjust the readingspeed to the application peculiarities and to the processing electronicscapabilities.

In order to reduce the consumption of motor 10 it is advantageous to useon the driving signal a pulse width modulation (PWM) method, whichconsists (refer to FIG. 2) in driving the different phases (typicallythree) of the motor, rather than with a continuous wave (representedwith dots and lines in FIG. 2), with a pulse train having a duty cycle,that is, a ratio start up time t_(on) to period t_(on)+t_(off),typically of 50%. In this way, as it can be seen, the current absorbedby motor 10—power supply voltage being equal—, and the consumption ofthe laser module 1 accordingly, is reduced by a factor equal to the dutycycle. With this provision, as yet not used for driving laser modulesalthough per se known in large-size motors, the consumption of the lasermodule 1 is lower than 70 mA when at operating power. Due to the verylow inertia of the polygonal mirror 9, the torque reduction of motor 10resulting from the use of this powering method, does not affect theperformances described so far.

The use of the polygonal mirror 9 as the optically reflecting memberallows obtaining a scan on a very wide angle. For example, anoctagonal-base body with outer diameter D_(S) of 7 mm struck by a laserbeam of 0.6 mm in diameter, allows a useful scan of 62°, ahexagonal-base body with the same outer diameter D_(S) and with the sameincident beam allows a useful scan of 91°, and so on. Theoretically, infact, an N-faced polygon allows covering an optical angle of 360*2/Ndegrees. In practice, this angle is smaller since the laser spot, at theend of each face of the polygonal mirror, is truncated and “split”between two adjacent faces, thus producing a pair of spots not usableindividually for reading purposes. As it shall be better explainedhereinafter, such a pair of laser spots can however be used for aimingthe code.

Of course, decreasing the number of faces—the diameter being equal—it ispossible to increase the angular amplitude of the scan, thus reaching aparticular width of the scan line at a smaller distance, that is, movingforward the motor towards the output window for further reducing thedepth of the laser module 1. Of course, when decreasing the number offaces of the polygonal mirror 9, it is necessary to increase therevolving speed of motor 10 for obtaining an equal number of scans pertime unit.

Should in a specific application stacked optical codes be read, that is,consisting of more stacked linear codes, it is convenient to produce aseries of superimposed parallel scan lines, that is, which cover an area(raster). This can be obtained by sloping the single faces of thepolygonal-base body (optically reflecting member 9) at different angleswith respect to the axis. FIGS. 3A and 3B respectively show aperspective and a plan view of an optically reflecting member 9 withhexagonal base, whose first side face 911 is not sloping (α1=0) andwhose other side faces 912-916 are sloping at a respective angle,increasing from α2 to α6, with respect to axis A-A. For convenience,angles α2-α6 are indicated in FIG. 3A between the normal to the surfaceof the respective face, and the normal to the axis. Of course, the facesmay have differently ordered slopes, or they could be sloping around amedian plane rather than around the top plane as shown in FIGS. 3A and3B.

Before describing the receiving section of the laser module 1 of FIG. 1,it is worth noting that the optically reflecting member 9 may consist ofa plane mirror or, more in general, of a single reflecting surface, insuch cases motor 10 being driven so as to move the optically reflectingmember 9 with an alternately oscillating motion along a circumferencearc subtending an angle in the above ranges. For reading stacked codes,the bidimensional scan can be easily obtained by providing thepossibility of a second movement of such an optically reflecting memberaround an axis orthogonal to the axis of the above oscillating motion.

In an optically reflecting member 9 (polygonal mirror or plane mirror)with such a small size, selected for obtaining the smallest rotatingmass, the size of the or each reflecting surface is a little greaterthan that of the laser spot incident thereon, therefore it is notsuitable to collect enough light for generating a significant returnsignal. A receiving section that does not exhibit components in commonwith the scanning illumination section, and which exhibits a frontsurface for collecting the light diffused by the optical code muchgreater than those of known laser modules, is therefore used. Moreprecisely, the two sections are spatially distinct, that is to say, theyare such that the illumination laser light and the light diffused by thecode follow totally separate paths.

The components of the receiving section of the laser module 1 shown inFIG. 1 comprise a receiving window 20 obtained in the front wall 3, aglass 21, a focusing lens 22, a slit 23 and at least one photo-detectingelement 24, in FIG. 1 there being shown four photodiodes 24 by way of anexample. However, glass 21 and slit 23 may be omitted. All the aboveelements are arranged in the upper portion of the laser module 1, abovethe emission window 11, there being also provided a horizontal wall (notshown) for separating the receiving section from the scanningillumination section described above.

More in particular, glass 21 is arranged at the receiving window 20 andthe focusing lens 22 is arranged immediately behind it, so as to facethe code C to be read through the receiving window 20.

On the other hand, the photo-detecting elements 24 and the optional slit23 are retrocessed towards the rear wall 4 of module 1 up to theposition of maximum depth allowed by the space taken up by motor 10.This allows using a receiving optics with the maximum aperture (f/#,that is, ratio focal length to lens diameter) and the maximum focallength, so as to maximise the return signal and reduce its dynamics. Infact, as known, the return signal on the photo-detecting elements 24varies with the inverse of the square of the distance from the opticalcode. For this reason, it is necessary that the maximum amount of lightis collected at the maximum distance. It is thus necessary that theaperture (collecting front surface) of the focusing lens 22 is themaximum. On the other hand, it is preferable that the collected signalis maximum from a long distance, but from a short distance, where thereturn signal is much higher, the quantity of collected light must bemuch smaller. By way of an example, under the assumption that lens 22concentrates all the light diffused by the code both from a longdistance and from a short distance, for a maximum reading distance of 50cm and a minimum of 5 cm, the ratio close-signal to far-signal is equalto (50/5)²=100:1, such as to saturate the dynamics of a typicalamplification circuit. A long-focal lens 22 perfectly focuses only whenthe code is at the maximum distance, while as the code is broughtcloser, the image is increasingly out-of-focus, so that an increasinglygreater energy fraction falls out of the photodiode sensitive area. Inthe laser module 1, the focal length must be comprised between 6 and 10mm, for maintaining the depth of module 10 at a maximum of 10 mm. Thisis advantageous since it reduces the dynamics of the signal on theamplifier to acceptable values, which in the above example is from 2:1to 3:1.

The focusing lens 22 used in the receiving section can be spherical,diffractive, or preferably toric, or cylindrical. A toric or cylindricallens, in fact, provides a field of view that is wide along the scanline, and narrow in the direction orthogonal thereto, thus in theapplication here concerned, it allows obtaining a high rejection toambient light.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, lens 22 is a Fresnel cylindricallens, since its flat shape makes its assembling particularly simple.Moreover, such a lens can operate up to a ratio focal length to lensdiameter f/#=1, a condition in which a traditional lens is affected byconsiderable reflections on the surface. This solution allows assemblingthe lens essentially in the receiving window 20 or contacting glass 21,thus further increasing the collection efficiency, because there is noshielding of lens 22 by receiving window 20 or glass 21.

FIGS. 4A and 4B graphically show how the collected light fraction 25 inthe case of a Fresnel cylindrical lens 22 (FIG. 4A) is much greater thanin the case of a cylindrical or toric lens 22 (FIG. 4B), in which thereis a considerable lost fraction 26.

Glass 21 of the receiving section can incorporate a filter for thepurpose of reducing the noise produced by ambient light. Such afiltering glass 21 can be of the traditional type, that is, a colouredglass provided with a low-pass treatment, for example a red filtertreated so as to absorb the infrared wavelengths, that is to say, higherthan that of the laser radiation assumed to be red.

Lens 22 can be made of a coloured plastic material with high-passbehaviour. In this case, glass 21 can be transparent, with costadvantages, and it can serve as a protective element against theoutside.

In a preferred way, moreover, there will be present a low-passtreatment, created on the transparent glass 21, or on the opticallynon-active face of the lens 22 itself.

In both cases, the overall cost of lens 22 and glass 21 is reduced byabout one third with respect to the case of transparent lens 22 andcoloured glass 21.

For minimising the possibility that light coming from an area externalto the field of view lens 22, that is to say, from an area external tothe scan line on the optical code, may reach the photo-detectingelements 24 of the receiving section, they are arranged—as alreadymentioned—as backwards as possible in the laser module 1 with respect tothe receiving window 20.

The expediency of such an arrangement can be better appreciated bycomparing FIG. 5A with FIG. 5B, which represents the prior art. In fact,it can be noted that in the arrangement of FIG. 5A, the rays coming fromareas external to the field of view fall outside the sensitive area ofthe photo-detecting elements, here represented by a single photodiode24. On the other hand, by arranging photodiode 24 immediately behindlens 22, as shown in FIG. 5B, it is also reached by sloping rays, whichmerely introduce noise, as they do not come from the area where theoptical code C to be read is.

Since a toric or cylindrical lens forms at the focus an image which isin turn a line as wide as the lens, and very thin, photodiode 24preferably exhibits a wide and short sensitive area, for example havingan height H_(F) less than 1.5 mm and a width L_(F) equal to the maximumwidth available in the laser module 1 (between 20 and 25 mm), and ofcourse it is arranged at the focus of lens 22. In the schematic view ofFIG. 5A, the dotted line shows an essentially parallelepiped receivingchamber 27, whereas the optional elements of the receiving section, thatis, the protective and/or filtering glass 21 and slit 23, are notindicated.

For obtaining such geometrical features, as an alternative to a singlephotodiode it is possible to use a bank or array of singlephoto-detecting elements (for example, small photodiodes), as alreadyillustrated in FIG. 1.

For selecting with greater precision the overall sensitive areainterested by the light collection and/or further reducing the field ofview, it is advantageous to arrange, in front of the photo-detectingelements 24, irrespectively of how they are made (single element orarray), a wide and low slit 23, as already illustrated in FIG. 1.

As shown in FIG. 6, in the case of an array of photo-detecting elements24, it can be convenient to use, for the focusing, a corresponding arrayof focusing lenses 22, for example spherical, toric, cylindrical,optionally Fresnel lenses. In this way, the field of view V of eachphoto-detecting element 24 only includes a portion of the scan line L onthe optical code (not shown). The field of view V of eachphoto-detecting element 24 is oval-shaped in FIG. 6, but of course theactual shape of the field of view V of each photo-detecting element 24will depend on the shape of the photo-detecting element itself (square,rectangular, or circular) and on the shape of lenses 22.

Moreover, if an array of photo-detecting elements 24 is used inreception, it is preferred to arrange them with respect to lens orlenses 22 in such a way as to allow increasing both the return signaland the angle of view of the reader. As it can be appreciated from FIG.7A, if the photo-detecting elements 24 are arranged in a row in a planeparallel to the plane containing lens or lenses 22, the light comingfrom the edges of the field of view (that is to say, from the edges ofthe optical code C) strikes the side walls of the laser module 1 or of areceiving chamber 27 thereof, housing the components of the receivingsection, and it is lost in any case. By arranging one or morephotodiodes in a lateral position, for example close to the side wallsof the receiving chamber 27, or even arranging the photo-detectingelements 24 along a curve, as in FIG. 7B, it is possible to recover alsothis portion of signal, thus increasing the collection efficiency of thesystem. In particular, the curve shall correspond to the optimum focuscurve in the case of a single focusing lens 22.

By combining this solution with that previously described, that is, toan arrangement of photodiodes 24 as retrocessed as possible in the lasermodule 1, it is possible to increase the received signal withoutincreasing the noise due to ambient light.

In this respect, a further expedient consists in using a stepping motor10 whose motion is synchronised with the actuation of thephoto-detecting elements 24 of the array. Since in any instant theposition of the motor is known by being established by the controlcircuit, the laser spot position is accordingly known, so that it ispossible to actuate only the particular photo-detecting element 24 ofthe array being struck by the light diffused by the code, withself-evident energy and signal/noise ratio advantages.

In a second embodiment, shown in FIG. 8, motor 10 has an extremely smallthickness, having a height H_(M) less than 3 mm, and such as to retain alimited plan extension, typically within a square of 20 mm×20 mm orless. In FIG. 8 it is possible to see the motor casing or stator 30,windings 31, magnet or rotor 32, the motor shaft 33 and the electroniccomponents 34 for driving motor 10.

The small overall dimensions mentioned for motor 10 can be obtained by agreat reduction of the size of a traditional stepping or brushlessmotor. This implies the need of reducing the size of magnets 32 and ofwindings 31, but it still allows obtaining a sufficient torque from themotor, provided that the mass of the polygonal mirror 9 (or otheroptically reflecting member) assembled on it is sufficiently small.

As regards the driving of motor 10, the above mentioned remarks apply,that is, it shall preferably occur with pulse width modulation, withcontinuously variable speed, and preferably with a ramp upon start up.

Moreover, in FIG. 8 it is possible to see the optically reflectingmember, illustrated as a polygonal mirror 9, and the laser source 8,whereas there are not shown the components of the receiving section,schematically illustrated as a chamber 27 (dotted lines) housed abovethe scanning illumination section. Of course, as an alternative, thereceiving section may be housed under the scanning illumination section.In any case, all the above remarks apply to these components. It shallthen be understood that the arrangement of FIG. 8 allows thephoto-detecting elements 24 of the receiving section to be furtherretrocessed towards the rear face 4 of laser module 1, thus increasingthe shielding effect of the field of view of lens 22 and allowing toincrease its focal length, thus improving the signal dynamics, asdescribed above.

Also as regards the particular embodiment of the elements of thescanning illumination section other than motor 10, the above remarksapply. In particular, the polygonal mirror 9 may be replaced by a planemirror or in any case one exhibiting a single reflecting surface, andthe laser light provided by emitter 8 may be modulated at highfrequency, in particular for the purpose of making a laser readercapable of measuring the distance of the optical code C.

Moreover, also in the case of FIG. 8, the positions of motor 10, oflaser emitter 8 and of optically reflecting member 9 are preferablyfixed through conjugate means between such elements and the casing ofthe laser module 1.

In place of the internal-magnet motor 10 shown in FIG. 8, it is possibleto use a rotating magnetic disk motor. Such a motor is not shown, but itis structurally almost identical to the flat motor of FIG. 8, with theexception that the magnets are outside the motor and they are energisedby windings in which an alternate current is circulated, which generatesa moment which forces the magnetic disk in rotation. Such a solutionallows assembling the optically reflecting member 9 integral with themagnetic disk, for example inserted along shaft 33, thus obtaining avery small thickness. Moreover, it is possible to keep the size of thereceiving chamber 27, that is, the mutual positions of the components ofthe receiving section, as well as the position of laser emitter 8 andthe width of the scan line at the emission window 11, as describedabove.

Moreover, the electronic components 34 for controlling motor 10 can beassembled on its upper plate, together with an optional shieldingagainst electromagnetic noise caused by powering the same motor, thusimproving the efficiency of the amplification circuits of the receivedsignal. The thickness only increases by at most 1-1.5 mm.

In a further embodiment, for scanning the laser beam generated by thelaser emitter 8 it is possible to use an optically reflecting member 9with a single surface, and a motor consisting of an oscillating magneticdevice, which exhibits the advantage of having a very small thickness.

Such an oscillating magnetic device 40, which is based on the principledescribed for example in UETP MEMS—Ca Project—Course Micro Actuators,1997, B. Schmidt, J. Fluitman, pages 3-7, 3-8, is schematically shown inFIG. 9.

The oscillating magnetic device 40 exhibits, on an insulating substrate41, for example made of ceramic, a core 42 made of a magnetic material,for example of Nickel-Iron, having a “C” shape, that is, exhibiting anair gap 43. On core 42 a winding 44 made of copper or other conductivematerial is made, for example in the manner described in B. Rogge, J.Schulz, J. Mohr, A. Thommes, “Magnetic Microactuators Fabricated by theLIGA-Technique for Large Displacements or Large Forces”, Proc. Actuator'96, Bremen, pages 112-115, or in Chong H. Ahn, Mark G. Allen, “A fullyintegrated Surface Micromachined Magnetic Microactuator with aMultilevel Meander Magnetic Core”, Journal of MEMS, 2, pages 15-22,1993.

Moreover, the oscillating magnetic device 40 exhibits an elongatedmagnetic element 45. The magnetic element 45 is essentially T-shaped,and is integral with substrate 41 at the end 46 of the T stem. TheT-shaped magnetic element 45 is arranged in such way with respect to themagnetic core 42 that an end 47 of the T top-line is in the proximity ofthe air gap 43 of the magnetic core 42 when winding 44 is not energised(rest position), but is attracted to the air gap 43 when winding 44 isenergised, as shown in FIG. 9 with dotted line. More in particular, theelongated magnetic element 45 is a resonant structure that, energisedwith a forcing wave having a frequency equal or close to its ownfrequency, vibrates at the above frequency.

At the T top-line there is applied the optically reflecting member 9, inthis case a single mirror, in particular plane. Mirror 9 is thus made tooscillate for scanning the laser beam generated by the laser emitter 8.

Thanks to the possibility of making such structures with thickness downto a few mm, the oscillating magnetic device 40 shall actually exhibit athickness equal to the mere size of the laser spot striking on mirror 9,which thus becomes the limiting element of any further reduction in thescan system thickness. Considering that such size ranges from a minimumof 0.5 to a maximum of 1.5 mm, and that substrate 41 can have athickness of 0.5÷1.0 mm, the overall thickness of the scanmeans—comprising the oscillating magnetic device motor 40 and the planemirror optically reflecting member 9—of the entire scan motor is of just1.0÷2.5 mm.

In a further embodiment (not shown), for scanning the laser beamgenerated by the laser emitter 8 it is possible to use an electrostaticoscillating or rotary motor combined with an optically reflecting member9 oscillating in the first case, rotating or oscillating in the secondcase.

A oscillating or rotating electrostatic motor basically consists of acapacitor, or of a series of capacitors, whose plates are alternatelycharged with opposed or equal polarities, so as to create anattractive/repulsive electrostatic force which cyclically tends to movethem closer and apart. Through the particular embodiment of thecapacitor plates, such a force causes a rotary or oscillating motion, asdescribed and illustrated, in an exemplificative way, in the followingpublications: UETP MEMS—Ca Project—Course Micro Actuators, 1997, B.Schmidt, J. Fluitman, pages 3-1, 3-5; W. S. N. Trimmer and K. J.Gabriel, “Design considerations for a practical electrostaticmicromotor”, Sensors and Actuators, 11(1987), pages 189-206; S. Bart, M.Mehregany, L. S. Tavrow, J. H. Lang, S. S. Senturia, “Electricmicromotors dymamics”, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 39(1992),pages 566-575 and H. Schenk; P. Dürr, H. Kück, “A novelelectrostatically driven torsional actuator”, proc. 3rd Intl. Conf OnMicro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Sys., Mainz, Aug. 30th-Sep. 1st, 1999.

In still other embodiments, the means for scanning the laser beamgenerated by the laser emitter 8 can consist of an electro-opticaldevice or of an acousto-optical device. Such a scan means isschematically shown in FIG. 10.

An electro-optical device 50 essentially comprises an interface betweena first medium 51 and a second medium 52 (for example, two glass platesor air and a glass plate) and a circuit 53 for applying an electricfield to the first and/or to the second medium. The electric fieldchanges the refractive index of the medium it is applied to. The laserlight beam generated by the laser emitter 8 and directed through thefirst medium 51 is thus deflected at the interface with the secondmedium 52 according to a controllable refraction angle. FIG. 10 does notshow, for simplicity, the refractions at the interfaces between the airand the first medium 51 and between the second medium 52 and the air.

An acousto-optical device is totally similar, except in that therefractive index of the first and/or the second medium is varied throughacoustic energy.

In an alternative embodiment, there are provided an array 60 of lasermicro-sources and a controller 61 for driving the laser micro-sources.FIG. 11 rather schematically shows an array comprising, by way of anexample, four rows 62-65 of ten laser micro-sources 66 each.

Controller 61 sequentially actuates the laser micro-sources 66 of a row62-65 of the array 60 for scanning the optical code with a laser spot,instant by instant generated by one of the laser micro-sources 66 of thedriven row 62-65.

Even though a single row of laser micro-sources is therefore sufficient(for example, row 62), there are preferably present more rows—of course,the number of four in FIG. 11 being purely exemplificative. In this way,it is thus possible to generate more scan lines at different heights inthe optical code, in particular for reading stacked codes.

In a particularly advantageous way, moreover, in each row 62-65 thelaser micro-sources 66 are of a different colour. Thus, for example, row62 may generate a red laser light scan line, row 63 may generate a greenlaser light scan line, and so on. Controller 61 and the logics of theoptical code reader in which the laser module is intended to be includedmay thus illuminate the optical code with the laser line of the mostsuitable colour for its reading, depending on the colour of the opticalcode itself, and of its background, for example depending on the spaceand bar colour of a bar code.

The laser micro-sources 66 of the array 60 shall be preferably arrangedas close as possible to the rear wall 4 of the-laser module 1 for thepurpose of having a long scan line at the output of the emission window11 for the reasons described above.

It will be now described, with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13, a block 70particularly useful since it combines in a single moulded piece thesupport of both the receiving section components, and the scanningillumination section components. The support block 70 is illustratedwith reference to the particular components of the embodiment of FIG. 1,but, of course, it could be used after suitable modifications also forthe other embodiments described.

Firstly, the support block 70 exhibits peripheral vertical legs 71 and ahorizontal partition 72. In the portion above partition 72, as it can beseen in the view of FIG. 12, the peripheral front legs 71 exhibit aseries of grooves 73 wherein there are inserted the optional protectiveand/or filtering glass 21, the focusing lens 22, the optional slit 23and finally, the circuits on which the photo-detecting elements 24 arewelded.

In practice, the receiving section is insulated from above thanks to athin black flexible plastic sheet (not shown) which “rests” on the upperbase of the support block 70 and is kept pressed on it by the pressureof the printed circuit 74 containing the electronic components.

According to the embodiment selected for motor 10, it can be housed inthe portion above partition 72 (as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13) or in thelower portion, for example in the case of motors having a smallerthickness, such as for example the magnetic disk motor or theoscillating magnetic device described above.

For the purpose of ensuring the placement of motor 10 and thus of theoptically reflecting member 9 with respect to laser 8, both in heightand in plan, it can be advantageous to provide, as an alternative toclip 13 shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, a bored cylindrical support 75 (FIGS.14 and 15) in which the body of motor 10 may slide, said support 75exhibiting threaded holes 76 for fastening it at one end of the upperprinted circuit 74 through two screws 77 and, at the other end, beingable to be introduced in two holes (not shown) properly provided inblock 70, through two pins 78. In this way, the shocks are betterabsorbed since motor 10 is fastened in four points to the support block70, and moreover, angular misalignments are prevented. Preferably, motor10 is pressure fit into the support block 70, by using a carvedstructure so as to create a snap fit.

Turning back to FIGS. 12 and 13, in the portion below partition 72 ofthe support block 70 there are housed the laser emitter 8 and theoptically reflecting member 9, for example the polygonal mirror shown.The latter is preferably arranged at the vertex of an essentiallytriangular recess defined by two vertical walls 80, 81, for the purposeof insulating the illumination laser light from the other components.

Advantageously, the lower portion of the support block 70 also exhibitsa groove 82 which selects a part of the scan, carried out at a verygreat angle, and conveys it towards the sensitive area of a very smallphotodiode 83, used as a scan start sensor and for the feedback controlof motor 10, as it will be better explained hereinafter. Optionally, thelight collection can be facilitated by introducing in groove 82 a lightguide (not shown), consisting for example of a plastic prism, such as tofacilitate the coupling between the light reflected by the polygon andthe sensitive area of the small photodiode 83. The end surface of such alight guide can be made diffusing (rough) for guaranteeing the couplingalso in the presence of even quite considerable position errors ofphotodiode 83. There may be provided a second groove with a respectivephotodiode for detecting the scan end, as an alternative or in additionto groove 82 and photodiode 83 for detecting the scan start.

The provision of the extraction path defined by groove 82 and of thescan start photodiode 83, in se known in larger scanners, has thefunction of intercepting the end portion of the scan, which typically isnot used since it corresponds to a very large angle, at which the laserspot falls in the middle between a face of the polygonal mirroroptically reflecting member 9 and the subsequent one, or at the edge ofa plane mirror. Thus, such a photodiode 83 provides a pulse for eachscan, or “scan” signal, which allows synchronising the electronics onthe single scan and is used, for example, by the decoder for starting tosearch an optical code within the scan line. Moreover, such a signal canbe particularly useful for decoding systems based on reconstruction.

Of course, similar provisions can be implemented in the scanningillumination sections of the other described embodiments. For example,in the case of the array 60 of laser micro-sources, the scan start (end)signal shall correspond to the start up of the first (last) micro-source66 of each row 62-65.

FIG. 16 schematically shows a further embodiment of a laser module 1, inwhich the components of the scanning illumination section and those ofthe receiving section are arranged in a common plane, so that the lasermodule 1 has an extremely reduced thickness. In FIG. 16, the scanningillumination section is illustrated as comprising a laser emitter 8, aplane mirror as the optically reflecting member 9 and a motor 10.However, such a single plane arrangement is also suitable for the otherembodiments of the scanning illumination section described above. It canbe noted that, in order to limit the length (that is to say, the size inthe direction parallel to the scan line) of the laser module 1, theplane mirror 9 and the laser emitter 8 are arranged in the proximity ofthe front face of the laser module itself, mirror 9 being partlyarranged in front of the motor.

In FIG. 16, the receiving section is schematically illustrated as thereceiving chamber 27 or the receiving chamber 27 a described hereinafterwith reference to FIGS. 17-19. However, for further reducing the lengthof the laser module 1, the photo-detecting elements 24 may also bearranged in the proximity of the front face of the laser module, partlyextending in front of motor 10 similarly to the arrangement of the planemirror 9 of FIG. 16.

Thus, with reference to FIG. 17, the receiving chamber 27 a iswedge-shaped, and it comprises a front face 90, a lower face 91orthogonal to it, a sloping face 92 between them, and side faces 93, 94shaped as right-angled triangles.

The focusing lens 22 (or the lens system) is arranged at the front face90, whereas the photo-detecting elements 24 (or the single photodiode)are arranged at the lower face 91. The sloping face 92, having a maximumslope of 45° with respect to the front face 90, is provided with aninternally reflecting surface 95. As shown by the dotted arrow, the raysof light diffused by code C penetrate the receiving chamber 27 a fromthe front face 90, passing through lens 22 and arriving, through ahorizontal path segment, on the internally reflecting surface 95 of thesloping face 92. At this internally reflecting surface 95, the rays ofdiffused light are reflected downwards, covering a second verticalsegment towards the photo-detecting elements 24.

Such a wedge-shaped receiving chamber 27 a allows using a lens having alonger focal length than a parallelepiped receiving chamber, depth sizeP being equal. A long focal length lens offers the advantages describedabove. From another point of view, focal length of lens 22 being equal,it is possible to make the receiving chamber 27 a with a smaller depth Pwith respect to the receiving chamber 27, with advantages in terms ofcompactness of the laser module. Moreover, the horizontal arrangement ofthe photo-detecting elements 24 allows using a single commonly marketedphotodiode, having a large area, without thus adversely affecting thethickness of the receiving chamber 27 a and thus of the laser module 1.Moreover, the horizontal arrangement of the photo-detecting elements 24prevents the need of providing a vertical printed circuit for theircontrol and for receiving their output electrical signal, as it isnecessary in the other described embodiments. On the contrary, on thesame printed circuit there can also be provided the necessary componentsand connections for powering and controlling the scanning illuminationsection. Such a printed circuit may for example form the base of thelaser module 1 of FIG. 16.

For recovering also the light coming from the edges of the scan line ofthe optical code C, increasing the efficiency of light collectionwithout increasing the noise due to ambient light, also the side faces93, 94 of the receiving section 27 a can be provided with internallyreflecting surfaces 96.

For further improving the light collection efficiency, the side faces93, 94 of the receiving section 27 a can, moreover, be slightlyconverging away from the front face 91, as shown in the top view of FIG.18.

In the embodiment of FIG. 17, the receiving chamber 27 a is hollow, itsfaces 90, 92 and optionally, 93, 94, 91 respectively consisting of lens22, mirrors 95, 96 and photodiode 24.

As an alternative, as shown in FIG. 19, the receiving section 27 a canconsist of a block 97 of an optically transparent material shaped as awedge in the manner described above, and having a mirror treatment onthe sloping face 92 and optionally on the side faces 93, 94. In thisway, the mutual orientation of the various faces is more easilycontrollable.

Although it has been described with reference to the arrangement in thesame plane of the scanning illumination section components (FIG. 16), itis manifest that the above advantages of such a wedge-shaped receivingchamber 27 a make its use advantageous also above or below the scanningillumination section, in this case the wedge-shaped receiving chamber 27a being preferably assembled upside down with respect to the orientationof FIGS. 17-19, that is with the lower face 91 arranged on the top, atthe parting plane from the scanning illumination section.

In the practical use of the laser module 1 for reading optical codes, itcan be useful to allow the operator to aim at the optical code beforestarting the reading. This can be obtained by assembling the scanningoptically reflecting member 9 in a predetermined position with respectto the shaft (rotation axis) of motor 10, so that, upon start up, bysuitably driving motor 10, such an optically reflecting member 9arranges in a predetermined position with respect to the incident laserbeam.

All the rotary motors described above are characterised by the presenceof a certain number of magnetic dipoles (at least one) on the rotatingportion (rotor), and of a certain number of windings on the stator. Itcan be imagined to reduce the number of magnetic dipoles on the rotor toonly one. Then, if upon start up only one of the stator windings ispowered, with a direct current, the rotor arranges in a univocalposition. Thus, it is possible to assemble the optically reflectingmember in a predetermined position with respect to the rotor. Since thestator windings are also arranged in a predetermined position withrespect to the outer casing and to the pins, it is also possible toassemble the motor on the printed circuit so that the windings arealways in a predetermined position with respect to the printed circuit,and thus to the arrival direction of the laser beam. In more detail, theassembling operation can follow the sequence below.

The motor is assembled on the printed circuit with the pins oriented sothat the windings are in a preset position with respect to the incidentlaser beam. Then, a winding is powered with direct current so that therotor dipole aligns with the polarity of the powered winding. With therotor in this angular position, the optically reflecting member isassembled with such an orientation as to produce a fixed spot at thecentre of the scan line, or two spots at the edges of the scan line, inthe case of a polygonal mirror mounted with an edge at the incidentlaser beam.

Once thus fastened, the optically reflecting member places itself in thesame position every time the same winding is fed, thus allowing aneffective aiming. For allowing such a stand-by of the laser source withrespect to the actuation of the motor for scanning the laser beam, therecan be provided independent actuation buttons, a single dual-positionswitch, or a preset delay. Moreover, it can be advantageous, for safetyreasons, to provide for the automatic switching off of the laser in casethe motor is not started within a predetermined time from the laserstart up.

A similar provision can be easily embodied in the case of the otherdescribed scanning illumination sections. Thus, in the case of themagnetic oscillating device 40, the stand-by position can be establishedby the absence of powering in the winding; in the case of theelectro-optical or acousto-optical devices 50, by the absence of drivingof the same devices; in the case of the micro-sources array 60, by thestart up of the central source or of the two end sources of a row.

Finally, in all the embodiments described above, in case an array ofphoto-detecting elements 24 of the C-MOS type is used, it is possible tointegrate all the sensor control logics, the digitising logics and thedecoding logics on a same chip. In this way, the size and costs of thesystem can be further reduced.

For the purpose of reducing the number of components present, moreover,it will be also possible to provide a dedicated integrated circuitcapable of totally digitally processing the signal produced by thephoto-detecting elements 24. Such a circuit shall contain ananalogue-to-digital converter for providing the sampled analogue signalto a digital processing circuitry. In this way, all the analoguecomponents required for digitising are avoided, being replaced by asingle dedicated digital chip.

For economical reasons and for simplicity of assembling, the sameintegrated circuit can contain all the circuits required for the motorcontrol.

A further advantageous provision consists in producing, in an opticalcode reader in which the module laser 1 is embedded, a circuit capableof providing both the digitised output, needed for compatibility reasonswith the products already existing on the market, and the decodedoutput. In this way, readers of very small size and low cost can beimplemented.

1. A laser scanner for reading optical codes, comprising: a scanningillumination section comprising: at least one source configured togenerate a laser beam, said laser beam defining at least one scan planeoutside of said laser scanner; a code scanner configured to scan theoptical code to be read with a laser spot; and a receiving sectionconfigured to collect at least a portion of the light diffused by thecode and to detect the collected light; wherein the receiving sectionand the scanning illumination section are spatially distinct; whereinsaid portion of light diffused by the code and said laser beam followseparate optical paths; and wherein said receiving section comprises atleast one photo-detecting element arranged parallel to said at least onescan plane.
 2. The laser scanner according to claim 1, wherein the codescanner comprises: a motor; and an optically reflecting member moved bythe motor for receiving and deflecting the laser beam.
 3. The laserscanner according to claim 2, wherein the motor is configured to providea continuously variable angular speed.
 4. The laser scanner according toclaim 3, wherein said motor is driven with a ramp signal upon start up.5. The laser scanner according to claim 2, wherein said motor comprisesone of a brushless motor and a stepping motor.
 6. The laser scanneraccording to claim 5, wherein said motor has a height less than 9 mm. 7.The laser scanner according to claim 2, wherein said motor comprises arotating magnetic disk motor and the optically reflecting member isdirectly supported on the motor magnetic disk.
 8. The laser scanneraccording to claim 2, wherein said motor comprises an electrostaticmotor.
 9. The laser scanner according to claim 2, wherein the motor isdriven with pulse width modulation.
 10. The laser scanner according toclaim 2, wherein the optically reflecting member comprises at least aportion of the side faces of a polygonal-base body, and is rotationallymoved by the motor.
 11. The laser scanner according to claim 10, whereinthe side faces of the polygonal base body are sloping at respectivedifferent angles with respect to its axis.
 12. The laser scanneraccording to claim 2, wherein the optically reflecting member comprisesa single surface, and is moved with an alternately oscillating motionalong a circumference arc.
 13. The laser scanner according to claim 12,wherein said motor comprises an oscillating magnetic device.
 14. Thelaser scanner according to claim 13, wherein the oscillating magneticdevice comprises, on a common insulating substrate: a magnetic corehaving a conductor winding around it, and an air gap an elongatedmagnetic element having an end that is free to oscillate towards andaway from the air gap of the magnetic core and carrying the opticallyreflecting member.
 15. The laser scanner according to claim 1, whereinthe code scanner comprises a device selected between an electro-opticaldevice and an acousto-optical device.
 16. The laser scanner according toclaim 1, wherein the scanning illumination section comprises an array oflaser micro-sources and the code scanner comprises a controllerconfigured to sequentially actuate the laser micro-sources of a row ofthe array.
 17. The laser scanner according to claim 16, wherein thearray of laser micro-sources comprises more rows.
 18. The laser scanneraccording to claim 17, wherein each row of laser micro-sources of thearray is of a respective color.
 19. The laser scanner according to claim16, wherein the laser micro-sources are arranged as far as possible froma front face of the laser scanner.
 20. The laser scanner according toclaim 1, wherein the code scanner is arranged as far as possible from afront face of the laser scanner.
 21. The laser scanner according toclaim 1, wherein the code scanner exhibits a predetermined stand-byposition, in which it projects the laser beam in at least one fixedlaser spot at the code.
 22. The laser scanner according to claim 1,wherein the scan laser light is high frequency modulated.
 23. The laserscanner according to claim 22, wherein the scan laser light is modulatedso as to obtain a signal suitable to measure the optical code distance.24. The laser scanner according to claim 1, wherein the receivingsection comprises: at least one focusing lens in the proximity of thefront face of the laser scanner, and at least one photo-detectingelement at the focus of the focusing lens.
 25. The laser scanneraccording to claim 24, wherein there is a slit between said at least onefocusing lens and said at least one photo-detecting element.
 26. Thelaser scanner according to claim 24, wherein: said at least onephoto-detecting element comprises a plurality of photo-detectingelements; and the actuation of the photo-detecting elements of saidplurality is synchronised with said code scanner.
 27. The laser scanneraccording to claim 24, wherein the receiving section comprises a chambercomprising a front face, a lower face or respectively upper faceorthogonal to it, a sloping face between them, and side faces shaped asright-angled triangles, said at least one focusing lens being arrangedat the front face, said at least one photo-detecting element beingarranged at the lower or respectively upper face, and there beingprovided an internally reflecting surface at the sloping face.
 28. Thelaser scanner according to claim 27, wherein the slope angle between thesloping face and the front face is less than 45 degrees.
 29. The laserscanner according to claim 27, wherein internally reflecting surfacesare also provided at the side faces of the receiving chamber.
 30. Thelaser scanner according to claim 29, wherein the side faces are slightlyconverging away from the front face.
 31. The laser scanner according toclaim 27, wherein the receiving chamber comprises solid, opticallytransparent material.
 32. The laser scanner according to claim 24,wherein said at least one focusing lens is selected between acylindrical lens and a toric lens.
 33. The laser scanner according toclaim 27, wherein said at least one focusing lens is a Fresnelcylindrical lens.
 34. The laser scanner according to claim 24, whereinsaid at least one focusing lens is made of a colored plastic materialwith high-pass filter behavior.
 35. The laser scanner according to claim34, wherein the receiving section comprises a common glass filter havinga low-pass treatment.
 36. The laser scanner according to claim 34,wherein the focusing lens is colored with low-pass filter behavior onits optically non-active face.
 37. The laser scanner according to claim1, wherein the scanning illumination section comprises an emissionwindow having a height substantially equal to the laser beam diameter inthat plane.
 38. The laser scanner according to claim 1, furthercomprising a support block configured to commonly support components ofthe receiving section and components of the scanning illuminationsection.
 39. The laser scanner according to claim 38, wherein thesupport block and the components of the scanning illumination andreceiving sections have conjugate means for assembling the components inpredetermined positions.
 40. The laser scanner according to claim 38,wherein the support block exhibits at least one wall extendingtransversally to the front face configured to define an insulatedchamber for the scan laser light propagation.
 41. The laser scanneraccording to claim 38, wherein the support block exhibits at least oneinsulated light extraction path at an end portion of the scan, andwherein a photo-detecting element is arranged at the end of eachextraction path.
 42. The laser scanner according to claim 1, wherein thescanning illumination section and the receiving section are arranged instacked planes.
 43. The laser scanner according to claim 1, wherein thescanning illumination section and the receiving section are arranged ina common plane.
 44. The laser scanner according to claim 43, wherein thecode scanner is arranged in close proximity of the front face of thelaser scanner.
 45. The laser scanner according to claim 43, wherein anarray of laser micro-sources is arranged in close proximity of the frontface of the laser scanner.
 46. A laser scanner for reading opticalcodes, comprising: a scanning illumination section comprising: at leastone source configured to generate a laser beam, said laser beam definingat least one scan plane outside of said laser scanner; a code scannerconfigured to scan the optical code to be read with a laser spot, and areceiving section configured to collect at least a portion of the lightdiffused by the code and to detect the collected light, said receivingsection comprising at least one photo-detecting element arrangedparallel to said at least one scan plane, wherein the receiving sectionand the scanning illumination section are spatially distinct andarranged in stacked planes, and wherein said portion of light diffusedby the code and said laser beam follow separate optical paths.
 47. Thelaser scanner according to claim 46, wherein the receiving sectioncomprises at least one receiving chamber, said receiving chambercomprising: a light input front face, a detection face, orthogonal tosaid front face, and at which said at least one photo-detecting elementis arrangeable, an internally reflecting sloping face, located betweensaid front face and said detection face, and side faces located amongsaid front face, said detection face, and said sloping face.
 48. Thelaser scanner according to claim 47, wherein the receiving sectioncomprises at least one focusing lens arranged at said front face of thereceiving chamber.
 49. The laser scanner according to claim 47, whereinthe slope angle between the sloping face and the front face is less than45 degrees.
 50. The laser scanner according to claim 47, wherein saidside faces are internally reflecting.
 51. The laser scanner according toclaim 47, wherein the side faces of the receiving chamber are slightlyconverging away from the front face.
 52. The laser scanner according toclaim 47, wherein said at least one receiving chamber comprises a solid,optically transparent material.
 53. The laser scanner according to claim46, wherein the receiving section comprises at least one receivingchamber, said receiving chamber comprising: a light input front face, adetection face, orthogonal to said front face, and at which said atleast one photo-detecting element is arrangeable, an internallyreflecting face located between said front face and said detection face,and side faces located among said front face, said detection face, andsaid internally reflecting face.
 54. The laser scanner according toclaim 53, wherein said side faces are internally reflecting.
 55. Thelaser scanner according to claim 53, wherein the side faces of thereceiving chamber are slightly converging away from the front face.